Open letter in support of Governor Lisa Cook and Federal Reserve independence

Less than a week after I started collecting signatures, nearly 600 economists (593 to be precise) signed an open letter urging the President, Members of Congress, and the American public to respect the principle of central bank independence and follow due process in the case of the attempted removal of Federal Reserve Board Governor Lisa Cook.

The letter has been signed five Nobel laureates, several former central bank officials, and many prominent economists from all fields of economists. There are a number of controversial topics in economics, but the idea that central banks should be independent from political influence is not one of them.

The full text of the letter, including the signatories, is below.

An Open Letter from Economists in Support of Governor Lisa Cook and Federal Reserve Independence

To the President, Members of Congress, and the American public:

We write as economists to express our strong support for Federal Reserve Board Governor Lisa Cook and for the longstanding principle of central bank independence. Good economic policy requires credible monetary institutions. Credible monetary institutions, in turn, require the independence of the Federal Reserve. A large body of research confirms that countries with more independent central banks achieve better economic outcomes.

Congress, through the Federal Reserve Act, enshrined that independence and designed the Federal Reserve to be insulated from day-to-day politics. By law, Governors serve fixed terms and may be removed only “for cause,” a high bar meant to protect the institution’s independence. That protection is not merely a legal formality; it is a practical mechanism, designed to ensure that monetary policy cannot be misused for political gain at the expense of what’s best for the economy.

Governor Cook is a Senate-confirmed economist who has served on the Board since 2022 and was reconfirmed in 2023 to a term ending in 2038. Throughout her tenure, she has engaged publicly and professionally on issues central to the Fed’s mandate, including financial stability and inflation dynamics. Recent public statements about Governor Cook-including threats of removal and a claim that she has been fired-have arrived alongside unproven accusations. This approach threatens the fundamental principle of central bank independence and undermines trust in one of America’s most important institutions. That trust is a cornerstone of the system that has fueled America’s economic vitality over the decades.

We urge all branches of government to uphold the law and the norms that protect U.S. economic stewardship. In particular, our position is as follows:

1. Any allegations should be adjudicated through established legal channels, with transparency and fairness, to preserve trust in America’s economic stewardship.
2. No Governor should be removed absent a clear, documented “for cause” basis that would withstand judicial scrutiny. Weakening that standard increases monetary policy uncertainty and forces markets to price political risk into interest rates, raising those rates and costs for families and businesses.
3. Elected officials should refrain from rhetoric or actions that erode the Federal Reserve’s independence, which is vital for achieving its dual mandate of maximum employment and price stability

We stand with Governor Cook and with the institutional safeguards that have long underpinned American economic strength.

Sincerely,

Jason Abrevaya, Murray S. Johnson Chair in Economics, The University of Texas at Austin

Riley Acton, Frank H. Jellinek Jr. Endowed Assistant Professor of Economics, Miami University

Ehui Adovor, Economist, Independent

Emma Aguila, Associate Professor, USC

Victor Aguirregabiria, Professor of Economics, The University of Toronto

Alan Aja, Professor & Chair, Department of Puerto Rican & Latinx Studies, Brooklyn College (CUNY)

Randall Akee, Professor, Harvard University

Randy Albelda, Professor Emerita of Economics, University of Massachusetts Boston

Brianna Alderman, PhD Candidate, Harvard University

Douglas Almond, Professor of Economics and International and Public Affairs, Columbia University

Marcella Alsan, Professor of Economics, Stanford University

Vivian Aluoch, Associate, Analysis group

Anita Alves Pena, Professor of Economics, Colorado State University

Gonçalo Alves Pina, Professor, ESCP Business School

Pedro Amaral, Professor, California State University Fullerton

Charlotte Ambrozek, Assistant Professor, Applied Economics, University of Minnesota

Richard F. America, Professor of the Practice, Emeritus, Georgetown University School of Business

Elizabeth Oltmans Ananat, Mallya Professor of Women and Economics, Barnard College, Columbia University

Donna M Anderson, Adjunct Assistant Professor, Spalding University

Manuela Angelucci, Professor of Economics, University of Texas at Austin

Belinda Archibong, Associate Professor, Johns Hopkins University SAIS

Ashish Arora, Professor, Duke’s Fuqua school of business

Michael Ash, Professor of Economics and Public Policy, University of Massachusetts Amherst

Sharon Attipoe-Dorcoo, Principal, TERSHA LLC

Adrien Auclert, Associate Professor, Stanford University

Lee Badgett, Professor Emerita of Economics, University of Massachusetts Amherst

Dany Bahar, Prof, Brown University and Center for Global Development

Kate Bahn, Chief Economist and Senior Vice President of Research, Institute for Women’s Policy Research

Martha J. Bailey, Professor of Economics, UCLA

Dean Baker, Senior Economist, Center for Economic and Policy Research

Sarah Bana, Assistant Professor, Chapman University

Edward Barbier, University Distinguished Professor, Economics

Jeremy Barofsky, Associate Research Professor, Georgetown University

Daniel Barron, Associate Professor, Northwestern University

Timothy J. Bartik, Senior Economist, Upjohn Institute for Employment Research

Emily Beam, Associate Professor, University of Vermont

Charles M. Becker, Research Professor of Economics, Duke University

Tom Beers, Executive Director, National Association for Business Economics

Suzanne Bergeron, Professor Emerita, University of Michigan Dearborn

Augustin Bergeron, Assistant Professor, Harvard University

Peter Bergman, Associate Professor of Economics, University of Texas at Austin

Günseli Berik, Professor Emerita of Economics, University of Utah

Alexandra Bernasek, Professor of Economics, Colorado State Universtiy

Mark Daniel Bernhardt, IBE Distinguished Professor of Economics and Finance, University of Illinois

Jared Bernstein, Economist, Former Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers

C. Alan Bester, Professor of the Practice of Economics, Georgetown University

Charles Betsey, Professor Emeritus, Howard University

Francesca Bettio, (former) Full Professor of Economic Policy, University of Siena — Italy

Niroj Bhattarai, Associate Professor of Economics, Colorado State University

Christine Binzel, Professor of Economics: Economy and Society of the Middle East, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg

Pietro Biroli, Associate professor, University of Bologna

Marianne Bitler, Economist, Independent

Sandra E. Black, Professor, UT Austin

Luisa Blanco, Professor of Public Policy and Economics, Pepperdine University

Francine Blau, Frances Perkins Professor of Economics, Emeritus, Cornell University

Robert A. Blecker, Professor Emeritus of Economics, American University

Justin Bloesch, Assistant Professor of Economics, Cornell University

Peter Bohmer, faculty emeritus, The Evergreen State College

Katie Bollman, Assistant Professor, Oregon State University

Valentin Bolotnyy, Kleinheinz Fellow, Hoover Institution, Stanford University

Severin Borenstein, Professor of the Graduate School, University of California, Berkeley

Steven Bosworth, Associate Professor in Economics, University of Reading

Eric Bottorff, Adjunct Faculty, Oakton College

Karl Boulware, Associate Professor of Economics, Wesleyan University

Renee Bowen, Dean’s Professor of International Business and Global Affairs, Georgetown University

Samuel Bowles, Professor, Santa Fe Institute

Ralph Bradburd, Professor of Economics Emeritus, Williams College

Elizabeth Brainerd, Susan and Barton Winokur Professor of Economics and Women’s, Gender and Sexuality Studies, Economics Department, Brandeis University

Noah Braun, Post-doctoral Fellow, St Olaf College

Elissa Braunstein, Professor of Economics & Associate Dean for Research, Colorado State University

Tim Bresnahan, Landau Professor of Technology in the Economy, emeritus, Stanford University

Jason Briggeman, Associate Professor, Austin Community College

Nicolas Brisset, Assistant Prof., Université Côte d’Azur

LeRonda Brooks, Economist, Independent

Clair Brown, Professor of Economics, University of California, Berkeley

AnneMarie Bryson, PhD Student, UC Berkeley

Kasey Buckles, Stepan Family College Professor of Economics, University of Notre Dame

John W. Budd, Industrial Relations Land Grant Chair, University of Minnesota

Anne M. Burton, Assistant Professor of Economics, The University of Texas at Dallas

Darren Bush, Professor, University of Houston Law Center

Alison Butler, Ph.D, Economist, retired

Kristy Buzard, Associate Professor and Melvin A. Eggers Economics Faculty Scholar, Syracuse University

Marika Cabral, Associate Professor, University of Texas at Austin

Jaydyn Callender, Student, Howard University

Jim Campen, Professor Emeritus of Economics, University of Massachusetts Boston

Maria Cancian, Professor, Georgetown University

Matthew B. Canzoneri, Professor Emeritus of Economics, Georgetown University

Kevin W. Capehart, Associate Professor in and Interim Chair of Economics Department, California State University, Fresno

José Caraballo-Cueto, Professor, University of Puerto Rico

Art Carden, Margaret Gage Bush Distinguished Professor of Economics, Samford University

Katherine Carman, Economist, Independent

Martin Carnoy, Lemann Foundation Professor of Education and Economics, Stanford University

Susan B. Carter, Professor Emerita, Economics, University of California, Riverside

John Cawley, Daniel Patrick Moynihan Professor in Public Policy, Maxwell School, Syracuse University

Bastien Chabe-Ferret, Dr, Middlesex university

Keith Chen, Bing and Alice Liu Yang Professor of Economics, UCLA Anderson School of Management

Beatrice Cherrier, Pr, CNRS

Menzie D. Chinn, Professor of Public Affairs and Economics, University of Wisconsin, Madison

Kevin Chiu, Dr., Santa Clara University

Kimberly Christensen, Professor of Economics, Sarah Lawrence College

Jan E. Christopher, Associate Professor of Economics, Delaware State University

Steve Cicala, Associate Professor, Tufts University and NBER

Ismael Cid-Martinez, Economist, Economic Policy Institute

David H Ciscel, Professor Emeritus, The University of Memphis

Christopher M. Clapp, Assistant Instructional Professor, University of Chicago

Kimberly Clausing, Eric M. Zolt Professor of Tax Law and Policy, UCLA School of Law

Michael Clemens, Professor of economics, George Mason University

Vincent Cobb, Economics lecturer, Morgan state university

Sarah Cohodes, Associate Professor of Public Policy, University of Michigan

Cecilia Conrad, Professor of Economics, Emerita, Pomona College

Jason Blaine Cook, Assistant Professor, University of Utah

Julia Coronado, President, MacroPolicy Perspectives

Marcella Corsi, Prof., Sapienza University of Rome, Italy

Jézabel Couppey-Soubeyran, Associate Professor of Economics, University Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne

Alan James Cox, Economist, Independent

William Craighead, Program Director, UCCS Economic Forum, University of Colorado Colorado Springs

Vincent Crawford, Research Professor, UCSD and Oxford

Rene Crespin, Assistant Professor of Economics, Michigan State University

Teresita Cruz Vital, PhD Candidate, UC Berkeley

Christopher Robert Cunningham, Chief Economist, Citinomics

Jamein Cunninghams, Assistant Professor, University of Texas at Austin

Parviz Dabir-Alai, Emeritus Professor of Economics, Richmond University (London)

Shooshan Danagoulian, Associate Professor, Wayne State University

William A. Darity Jr., Samuel DuBois Cook Professor of Public Policy, Duke University

Elizabeth Davis, Professor of Applied Economics, University of Minnesota

Monique E. Davis, Economist, W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research

Leila Davis, Associate Professor of Economics, University of Massachusetts Boston

Lorraine Dearden, Professor of Economics and Social Statistics, University College London

Stefano DellaVigna, Daniel E. Koshland, Sr. Distinguished Professor of Economics and Professor of Business Administration, UC Berkeley

Tatyana Deryugina, Associate Professor of Finance, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign

Elizabeth Dhuey, Professor, University of Toronto

Stacy Dickert-Conlin, Professor, Michigan State University

Rebecca Dizon-Ross, Associate Professor of Economics, University of Chicago

Antonio Doblas-Madrid, Associate Professor, Michigan State University

Audrey De Dominicis, Dr., University of Teramo

Andrew Doris, Senior Policy Analyst, AI policy nonprofit

Cheryl Doss, Professor of Economics, Tufts University

Shaun M. Dougherty, Professor, Boston College

Pascaline Dupas, Professor of Economics and Public Affairs, Princeton University

Nicolas J. Duquette, Associate Professor, University of Southern California

Thomas Durfee, Researcher, Roy Wilkins Center, University of Minnesota

Steven N. Durlauf, Frank P. Hixon Distinguished Service Professor, University of Chicago

Gary Dymski, Emeritus professor of economics, University of California, Riverside

Susan Dynarski, Patricia Albjerg Graham Professor, Harvard University

Alex Eble, Associate Professor of Economics and Education, Columbia University

Catherine Eckel, Professor, Texas A&M University

Marissa Eckrote-Nordland, Assistant Professor, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse

Marissa Eckrote-Nordland, Assistant Professor, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse

Josh Ederington, Professor of Economics, Miami University

Kevin Egan, Professor of economics, University of Toledo

Gauti Eggertsson, Dupee Family Professor of Economics, Brown University

Karen Eggleston, Senior Fellow, Stanford University

Myles Ellis, Ph.D. Candidate, Brown University

Martin Ellison, Professor, University of Oxford

Jeffrey Christopher Ely, Charles E. and Emma H. Morrison Professor of Economics, Northwestern University Department of Economics

Nicholas Emery-Xu, PhD candidate, Department of Economics, UCLA

Gerald Epstein, Professor of Economics, Department of Economics University of Massachusetts Amherst

Dr Amy Eremionkhale, Director, Business Analytics Interdisciplinary Program, DePauw University

Mary F. Evans, Professor, LBJ School of Public Affairs, University of Texas at Austin

James Feigenbaum, Assistant Professor of Economics, Boston University

David H Feldman, Professor of Economics, William & Mary

Leo Feler, Chief Economist, Numerator

Raquel Fernández, Silver Professor of Economics, NYU

Alexander J. Field, Michel and Mary Orradre Professor of Economic, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara Univerity

Kenan Fikri, Senior Fellow, Economic Innovation Group

Amelia B. Finaret, Associate Professor, Allegheny College

Alan Finkelstein Shapiro, Associate Professor, Tufts University

Anne Fitzpatrick, Associate Professor, The Ohio State University

Alfonso Flores-Lagunes, Vice President and Director of Research, W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research

Maria Floro, Professor Emerita

James Flynn, Assistant Professor, Miami University

Caroline Fohlin, Professor of Economics, Emory University

Nancy Folbre, Professor emerita of economics, University of Massachusetts Amherst

Eliza Forsythe, Associate Professor of Labor and Employment Relations and Economics, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign

Anderson Frailey, Assistant Professor of Economics, University of Maryland, Baltimore County

Dania V. Francis, Associate Professor, University of Massachusetts Boston

H. E. Frech, III, Professor of Economics, Department of Economics, University of California, Santa Barbara

Anders Fremstad, Associate Professor, Colorado State University

Deborah Freund, Professor of Economic Sciences and Global Public Health, Claremont Graduate University

Ezra Friedman, Professor of Law, Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law

Willa Friedman, Associate Professor of economics, University of Houston

Drew Fudenberg, Paul A. Samuellson Professor of Economics, MIT

Simon Galle, Associate Professor, BI Norwegian Business School

Anuj Gangopadhyaya, Assistant Professor, Loyola University Chicago

Monica Garcia-Perez, Distinguished Professor of Economics, Fayetteville State University

Daniel Garrett, Assistant Professor of Finance, Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania

Darrell J. Gaskin, William C. and Nancy F. Richardson Professor in Health Policy, Johns Hopkins University

Marema Gaye, PhD Candidate, Harvard University

Martin Gaynor, Lester A. Hamburg University Professor of Economics and Public Policy Emeritus, Carnegie Mellon University

Laura Gee, Associate Professor, Tufts University

Jonah B. Gelbach, Herman F. Selvin Professor of Law, UC Berkeley Law

Garance Genicot, Professor of Economics, Georgetown University

Mark Gertler, Henry and Lucy Moses Professor of Economics, New York University and NBER

Teresa Ghilarducci, Bernard Schwartz Professor of Economics, The New School for Social Research

Matthew Gibson, Associate Professor of Economics, Williams College

Anna Gifty Opoku-Agyeman, Doctoral Candidate and Author of The Double Tax, Harvard University

Rob Gillezeau, Assistant professor of economic analysis & policy, University of Toronto

Keanan Gleason, PhD Student, CU Boulder Department of Economics

Ezra Golberstein, Professor of Health Policy and Management, University of Minnesota

Claudia Goldin, Henry Lee Professor of Economics, Harvard University

Jacob Goldin, Professor, University of Chicago Law School

Marco Gonzalez-Navarro, Associate Professor, University of California-Berkeley

Joshua Goodman, Associate Professor of Economics, Boston University

Yuriy Gorodnichenko, Quantedge Presidential Professor of Economics, UC Berkeley

Lawrence H. Goulder, Professor of Economics, Emeritus, Stanford University

Ulla Grapard, Professor of Economics and Women’s Studies, Emerita, Colgate University

Marcello Graziano, Associate Professor, SUNY at Binghamton

Tiffany L. Green, Associate Professor, Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison

Shane Greenstein, Professor, Harvard University

Kelly Grogan, Associate Professor, University of Wyoming

Guy Grossman, David M. Knott Professor of Global Politics, University of Pennsylvania

Audrey Guo, Assistant Professor, Santa Clara University

Jakina Debnam Guzman, Assistant Professor of Economics, Amherst College

Philip A. Haile, Ford Foundation Professor of Economics, Yale University

Vassilis Hajivassiliou, Associate professor, London school of economics

David Hales, Senior Economist, Global Innovations Bank

Daniel S. Hamermesh, Sue Killam Professor Emeritus, University of Texas at Austin

Sarah E Hamersma, Associate professor of Public Administration and International Affairs, Syracuse University

Darrick Hamilton, University Professor, The New School

James Hammitt, Professor of economics & decision sciences, Harvard University

John W. Handy, Professor Emeritus, Morehouse College

Benjamin Hansen, W.E. Miner Professor and Department Head, University of Oregon

Bradley Hardy, Professor, Georgetown University

Clint Harris, Scientist II, University of Wisconsin-Madison

Katherine Harris-Lagoudakis, Assistant Professor, Iowa State University

John Terence Harvey, Hal Wright Professor of Economics, Texas Christian University

Catherine Hausman, Associate professor, University of Michigan

Olena Havrylchyk, Professor of Economics, University Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne

Adrian Haws, PhD Candidate, Cornell University

Caitlin Hegarty, Assistant Professor of Economics, Williams College

Robert Heilmayr, Associate Professor, University of California, Santa Barbara

Thomas Helgerman, Assistant Professor, University of Minnesota

James Helik, Instructor, Yorkville University

Susan Helper, Carlton Professor of Economics, Case Western Reserve University

Kassandra Hernandez, PhD Candidate, UC Berkeley

Exequiel Hernandez, Professor, University of Pennsylvania

Adam S. Hersh, Senior Economist, Economic Policy Institute

Brad Hershbein, Senior Economist, W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research

Chasya Hiebert, Economist, Independent

Marianne Hill, Senior economist, retired University, University Research Center

Eric Hilt, Professor, Economics, Wellesley College

Frank M. Hiwland, Emeritus Professor of Economics, Wabash College

Sandile Hlatshwayo, Economist, Independent

Jessica Hoel, Associate Professor of Economics and Business, Colorado College

Michelle Holder, Professor of Economics, John Jay College, City University of New York

Susan R. Holmberg, Associate Director for Research, Institute for Local Self-Reliance

Patrick Honohan, Honorary Professor, Trinity College Dublin

Bo Ernø Honoré, Class of 1913 Professor of Political Economy; Professor of Economics, Princeton University

Jennifer Hunt, Distinguished Professor of Economics, Rutgers University

Hillard Huntington, Researcher, Stanford University

Nicholas Huntington-Klein, Associate Professor of Economics, Seattle University

Lydia Idem, Managing Director, FM Capital Group

John Ifcher, Professor, Santa Clara University

Benjamin Iverson, Associate Professor of Finance, Brigham Young University

Sarah Jacobson, Professor of Economics and Chair of Environmental Studies, Williams College

Mireille Jacobson, Professor, USC

Sanford Jacoby, Distinguished Research Professor of Management, UCLA

Prachi Jain, Associate Professor of Economics, Loyola Marymount University

Pamela Jakiela, Professor of Economics, Williams College

Andrew Jalil, Associate Professor of Economics, Occidental College

Paula Jaramillo, PhD Student, UC Berkeley

Seema Jayachandran, Professor of Economics and Public Affairs, Princeton University

Matthew Johnson, Bruce L. Payne Associate Professor of Public Policy and Economics, Duke University

Louis D. Johnston, Clemens Professor of Economics and the Liberal Arts, College of Saint Benedict and Saint John’s University

Maggie E.C. Jones, Associate Professor, McGill University

Maggie R. Jones, Full specialist, University of California, Berkeley

Janelle Jones, Vice President of Policy and Program, Washington Center for Equitable Growth

Kayla Jones, PhD student, Cornell University

Damon Jones, Associate Professor, University of Chicago, Harris School of Public Policy

Joseph P. Joyce, Professor of Economics, Wellesley College

Linda Kamas, Associate Professor, Economics Department, Santa Clara University

John Kane, Professor, SUNY — Oswego

Genevieve Kanter, Associate Professor, University of Southern California

Adam Kapor, Associate Professor, Princeton University

Richard Kasmin, Adjunct professor, NJIT

Lawrence Katz, Elisabeth Allison Professor of Economics, Harvard University

Yewoinhareg Kebede, Public Affairs Specialist, Sadie Collective Member

Michael Kevane, Professor, Dept. of Economics, Santa Clara University

Jean Kimmel, Professor of Economics, Western Michigan University

Mary C King, Professor of Economics Emerita, Portland State University

Charles D. Kolstad, Distinguished Professor Emeritus, Stanford and UC Santa Barbara

Harry Konstantinidis, Associate Professor of Economics, University of Massachusetts Boston

Andrew Kosenko, Associate Professor of Economics, Marist University

Sherrie A. Kossoudji, Associate Professor, emerita, University of Michigan, retired

Caroline Krafft, Associate Professor, Humphrey School of Public Affairs, University of Minnesota

Gabriel Kreindler, Assistant professor, Harvard University

Evan Plous Kresch, Associate Professor of Economics, Oberlin College

Arvind Krishnamurthy, Professor, Stanford University

Jennifer Kuan, Associate Professor of Economics and Entrepreneurship, California State U. Monterey Bay

Elizabeth Kula, PhD Candidate, University of Minnesota

Kenneth Kuttner, Robert F. White Class of ’52 Professor, Williams College

Pierre Lacour, Clinical Associate Professor of Economics, New York University

Roger Lagunoff, Professor, Georgetown University

David Laibman, Professor Emeritus, Brooklyn College and Graduate School, CUNY

Eugene Lancaric, Ph.D. student, New School for Social Research

Steven Landgraf, Assistant Professor of Economics, Virginia Military Institute

Nathan Lane, Associate Professor, University of Oxford

Horacio Larreguy, Associate Professor of Economics and Political Science, ITAM

Amy Lastuka, Lead Research Scientist, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation

Jonathan Lee, Professor of Economics, East Carolina University

Wouter Leenders, PhD Candidate, University of California, Berkeley

Stephan Lefebvre, Assistant Professor, Bucknell University

Veronika Lemeire, postdoctoral researcher, Hasselt University, Belgium

Mike Levere, Assistant Professor of Economics, Colgate University

Phillip Levine, Katharine Coman and A. Barton Hepburn Professor, Wellesley College

Arik Levinson, Professor of Economics, Georgetown University

Helen Levy, Research Professor, University of Michigan

Riley Lewers, PhD Student, UCSD

Jason Lindo, Mary S. and Richard B. Inman, Jr. Professor of Economics, Georgia Institute of Technology

Jeffrey Livingston, Professor, Bentley University

Trevon D. Logan, ENGIE-Axium Endowed Professor of Economics, The Ohio State University

George Loginov, associate teaching professor, Augustana University

Bridget Long, Harvard University Distinguished Service Professor, Harvard University

Mary Lopez, Professor of Economics, Occidental College

Enrique Lopezlira, Director, Center for Labor Research and Education, UC Berkeley

Peter Lorentzen, Associate Professor, University of San Francisco

Linda Loubert, Associate Professor, Morgan State University

Corinne Low, Associate Professor, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania

Adrienne Lucas, Professor of Economics, University of Delaware

Linda E Lucas, Professor of Economics and Assistant Dean, Eckerd College

Daniel Ludwinski, Assistant professor of economics, Oxford College of Emory University

Shelly Lundberg, Distinguished Professor of Economics, University of California Santa Barbara

Martine Lussier, Adjunct professor of economics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland Ohio

James MacDonald, Research Professor, University of Maryland

Lynn MacDonald, Associate Professor of Economics, St. Cloud State University

Rita Madarassy, Associate Teaching Professor, Santa Clara University

Michael Madowitz, Principal Economist, Roosevelt Institute & Roosevelt Forward

Parag Mahajan, Assistant Professor, University of Delaware

Vincent E. Mangum, Visiting Professor, Morehouse College

Shanthi Manian, Associate Professor, School of Economic Sciences, Washington State University

James Manley, Professor, Towson University

Hani Mansour, Professor , University of Colorado Denver

Anamary Maqueira Linares, Assistant Professor of Economics, University of Manitoba

Mats Marcusson , Ph. Lic, Retired economist

Franco Mariuzzo, Associate Professor, University of East Anglia

Kevin Markle, Associate Professor of Accounting and Information Systems, Michigan State University

Michael E Martell, Associate Professor, Bard College

Patrick L. Mason, Professor of Economics, University of Massachusetts

Thomas Masterson, Senior Scholar and Director of Applied Micromodeling, Levy Economics Institute of Bard College

Aparna Mathur, Senior Manager, Economic Policy, Amazon and FREOPP

Gabriel Mathy, Associate Professor of Economics, American University

Jordan Matsudaira, Professor, School of Public Affairs, American University

Ross Mattheis, Economist, ISO New England

Kristina McElheran, Associate Professor and Digital Fellow, University of Toronto and Stanford Digital Economy Lab

Tamara McGavock, Associate Professor of Economics, Grinnell College

John McLaren, Professor, University of Virginia

Carl McPherson, Assistant Professor of Economics, Wellesley College

Rafe (“Rachael”) Meager, Associate Professor, The University of New South Wales

Ellen Meara, Professor of Health Economics and Policy, Harvard University

Sarah Meier, Dr, University of Exeter

Lauren Melodia, Director of Economic & Fiscal Policy, Center for New York City Affairs

Kyle Meng, Associate Professor, University of California, Santa Barbara and NBER

Jo Michell, Professor of economics, University of the West of England

Thomas R. Michl, Emeritus Professor of Economics, Colgate University

Yael Midnight, Assistant Teaching Professor, University of Washington

Edward Miguel, Distinguished Professor of Economics, University of California, Berkeley

Paul Milgrom, Ely Professor of Humanities & Sciences, Stanford University

John Miller, Professor of Economics Emeritus, Wheaton College

Nathan Miller, Professor, Georgetown University

Lois Miller, Assistant Professor of Economics, University of South Carolina

Conrad Miller, Associate Professor, University of California, Berkeley

Jenny Minier, Julian Lange Professor of Economics, Miami University

Ida Mirzaie, Retired Senior Lecturer of Economics, Ohio State University

Lawrence Mishel, retired, former President, Economic Policy Institute

Olivia S Mitchell, Professor, University of Pennsylvania

Wanda Montero, Economist, Independent

Dr. Kyle K. Moore, Economist, Economic Policy Institute

Seth Morgan, Conservation Impact Economist, The Nature Conservancy

Monique Morrissey, Senior Economist, Economic Policy Institute

Christine Moser, Professor, Western Michigan University

Petra Moser, Alan Greenspan Professor of Economics, NYU Stern

Preston Mui, Senior Economist, Employ America

John Mullahy, Professor, University of Wisconsin-Madison

Kathleen Mullen, Associate Professor of Economics, University of Oregon

Leonidas Murembya, Associate Professor, Economics, Michigan State University

Richard J. Murnane, Thompson Research Professor, Harvard University

Steven Nafziger, Fairleigh Dickinson Jr. ’41 Professor of Economics, Williams College

Suresh Naidu, Jack Wang and Echo Ren Professor of Economics, Columbia University

Rosamond Naylor, Professor, Global Environmental Policy, Stanford University

Julie Nelson, Emeritus Professor of Economics, University of Massachusetts Boston

Reynold F. Nesiba, Professor of Economics, Augustana University

David Neumark, Distinguished Professor of Economics, University of California, Irvine

Harriet Newburger, Associate Professor of Economics Emerita, Bryn Mawr College

Joseph P. Newhouse, John D. MacArthur Research Professor of Health Policy and Management, Harvard University

Duc Hien Nguyen, Cody van Heerden Chair in Economics & Quantitative Social Sciences, College of the Atlantic

Erik Nordman, Associate Professor of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics, Michigan State University

Shane Prescott Nordquist, PhD Student, UCSD

Peter Norlander, Associate Professor, Loyola University Chicago

Laurence O’Connell, Adjunct instructor, City University of New York

Brendan O’Flaherty, Professor of Economics, Columbia University

Philip Obazee, CEO, Polymetrics America Research, LLC

Brendon Ogmundson, Chief Economist, BCREA

Chika Okafor, Assistant Professor of Law, Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law

Siobhan O’Keefe, Assistant Professor of Economics, Davidson College

Jennifer Olmsted, Professor of Economics, Drew University

Martha L. Olney, Teaching Professor Emerita, University of California, Berkeley

Dr. Jake Organ, Assistant Professor of Teaching, University of Memphis

David L. Ortega, Professor, Michigan State University

Ariel Ortiz-Bobea, Associate Professor, Cornell University

Ozge Ozay, Professor of Economics, Fitchburg State University

Owen Ozier, Associate Professor, Williams College

Berk Ozler, Affiliate, Golub Capital Social Impact Lab, Stanford University Graduate School of Business

Orgul Ozturk, Professor, University of South Carolina

Ariel Stanley Pakes, Thomas Professor of Economics, Harvard University

Lenore Palladino, Associate Professor of Economics & Public Policy, University of Massachusetts Amherst

Bailey Palmer, PhD Candidate, Economics Department, UC Berkeley

Manuel Pastor, Distinguished Professor of Sociology, University of Southern California

Dev Patel, Prize Fellow in Economics, History, and Politics, Harvard University

Bitsy Perlman, Economist, Independent

Claudia Persico, Associate Professor, American University and NBER

Luke Petach, Associate Professor of Economics, Belmont University

Janice Peterson, Professor Emerita, California State University, Fresno

Jeremy Petranka, Associate Professor of the Practice, Economics, Duke University, Fuqua School of Business

Dr. Amanda J. Phalin, Associate Instructional Professor, University of Florida Warrington College of Business

Grace Nettie Phillips, Assistant Professor of Economics, University of Memphis

Andrea Piano Mortari, Assistant Professor (TT), Department of Economics and Finance, Tor Vergata University of Rome

Monika Piazzesi, Joan Kenney Professor of Economics, Stanford

Bruce Pietrykowski, Professor Emeritus of Economics, University of Michigan-Dearborn

Luiza Nassif Pires, Professor of Economics, IE-Unicamp

Zoë Plakias, Assistant Professor of Economics, Western Washington University

Anthony Ponce, PhD Candidate, Cornell University

Jonathan Portes, Professor of Economics and Public Policy, King’s College London

Richard Portes, Professor of Economics (and Honorary President of CEPR), London Business School

Marilyn Power, Professor of Economics Emerita, Sarah Lawrence College

Steven Pressman, Professor of Economics, New School for Social Research

Gregory Price, Professor, Economics, University of New Orleans

Sebastián Puerta, PhD Candidate, University of California, Berkeley

Todd Pugatch, Associate Professor, University at Buffalo

Esteban J. Quiñones, Senior Evaluation Specialist, The International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3IE)

Emma Rackstraw, Assistant Professor of Economics, Swarthmore College

Steve Ramos, PhD Student, UC Berkeley

Laura Razzolini, Professor of economics, University of Alabama

Daniel Read, Professor of Behavioural Science, University of Warwick

James B. Rebitzer, Emeritus Professor, Questrom School, Boston University

Michael Reich, Professor of Economics, University of California, Berkeley

Stefan Reichelstein, William R. Timken Professor Emeritus, Stanford Graduate School of Business

Nicholas Reksten, Associate Professor, University of Redlands

Silvio Rendon, Adjunct Professor, Georgetown University

Jessica Wolpaw Reyes, Professor of Economics, Amherst College and NBER

Liam Rice, Lecturer of Economics, Bryant University

Joseph Richardson, PhD Candidate, Lancaster University

Chris A Richardson, Founder, PerceptionNexus Analytics LLC

Thomas Richardson, Retired, International Monetary Fund

Luca Rigotti, Professor of Economics, University of Pittsburgh

Travis Roach, Professor of Economics, University of Central Oklahoma

Arthur Jeffrey Rolnick, Associate Economist, University of Minnesota

Richard Romano, Professor of economics, SUNY Broome

David Romer, Professor, University of California, Berkeley

Christina Romer, Professor of the Graduate School, University of California, Berkeley

Paul Romer, University Professor, Boston College

Carl Romer, PhD Student, UCSD

Joshua L. Rosenbloom, Professor, Iowa State University

Meredith B. Rosenthal, C. Boyden Gray Professor of Health Economics and Policy, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health

Maya Rossin-Slater, Associate Professor of Health Policy, Stanford University

Alvin E. Roth, Professor, Stanford University

Jesse Rothstein, Carmel Friesen Professor of Public Policy, David Gardner Chair of Higher Education, and Professor of Economics, University of California, Berkeley

Heather Royer, Professor of Economics, University of California-Santa Barbara

Scott Rozelle, Senior Fellow, Stanford University

Joaquin A. Rubalcaba, Associate Professor, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Jared Rubin, Professor of Economics, Chapman University

Andrea Ruiz, Student, University of Wisconsin

Katheryn Russ, (Personal title) Professor of Economics, UC Davis

Sara R. Rutledge, CRE, Founder and Chief Economist, SRR Consulting

Jamel Saadaoui, Full Professor, Paris 8 University

Adam Sacarny, Associate Professor of Health Policy and Management, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health

Sally Sadoff, Arthur Brody Chair in Management Leadership, Professor of Economics and Strategy, University of California San Diego

Emmanuel Saez, Professor of Economics, University of California Berkeley

Claudia Sahm, Economist, Sahm Consulting

Anya Samek, Associate Professor, UC-San Diego

Marokey Sawo, Research Associate, Urban Institute

Mikaël Scaramucci, PhD student, University of California, Los Angeles

Zachary Schaller, Assistant Professor of Economics, Colorado State University

Frank Schilbach, Associate Professor, MIT

Carl Schmertmann, Professor Emeritus of Economics, Florida State University

Lucie Schmidt, Robert A. Woods Professor of Economics, Smith College

John Schmitt, Distinguished Fellow, Economic Policy Institute

Alice Schmitz, PhD Candidate, University of California, Berkeley

Alyssa Schneebaum, Visiting Professor, University of Vienna

Geoffrey Schneider, Presidential Professor of Economics, Bucknell University

Martin Schneider, Professor of Economics, Stanford University

Patrick Schneider, Assistant Professor of Economics, Imperial Business School

Juliet Schor, Economist, Professor of Sociology, Boston College

Elizabeth Schroeder, Professor of Economics, Oregon State University

Michael Schultz, Economist, SIA

Daniel Schwab, Associate professor, College of the Holy Cross

Aaron L. Schwartz, Assistant Professor, Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, University of Pennsylvania

Judith Scott-Clayton, Professor of Economics & Education, Teachers College — Columbia University

Dean Scrimgeour, Associate Professor of Economics, Colgate University

Silvia Secchi, Professor, School of Earth, Environment and Sustainability, University of Iowa

Elizabeth Setren, Gunnar Myrdal Assistant Professor of Economics, Tufts University and NBER

Jay C. Shambaugh, Professor, George Washington University

Michael A. Shea, International Economist & Assistant Manager (former), Brown Brothers Harriman & Co. (former)

Barry Shelley, Economist, Independent, Economist, Independent

Mark G. Sheppard, Economist; Researcher, NBER; Instructor, City College of New York

Brandon J. Sheridan, Associate Professor of Economics, Elon University

Ketki Sheth, Associate Professor, University of Tennessee

Martin Shields, Professor of Economics, Colorado State University

Heidi Shierholz, President, Economic Policy Institute

Mikhael Shor, Associate Professor, University of Connecticut

Steven Shulman, Professor of Economics, Colorado State University

Olga Shurchkov, Professor of Economics, Wellesley College

Olivier Simard-Casanova, Research Associate, Université de Lorraine

Nicole Simpson, W Bradford Wiley Professor of Economics, Colgate University

Brian Simpson, Economist, Independent

Sarah F. Small, Assistant Professor of Economics, University of Utah

Karen Smith Conway, Professor of Economics, University of New Hampshire

Cory Smith, Professor, University of Maryland, AREC

William T Smith, Professor, University of Memphis

Aaron, Sojourner, W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research

Richard Startz, Distinguished Professor of Economics, University of California, Santa Barbara

Michael Stephens, Kofoed, University of Tennessee, Knoxville

James B. Stewart, Professor Emeritus, Penn State University

Joseph Stiglitz, University Professor, Columbia University

James H Stock, Professor of Economics, Harvard University

Diana Strassmann, Carolyn & Fred McManis Distinguished Professor in the Practice, Emerita, Rice University

Jacqueline Strenio, Associate Professor of Economics, Norwich University

William A. Sundstrom, Professor of Economics, Santa Clara University

Anand V. Swamy, Professor, Williams College

Craig Swan, Professor of Economics, Emeritus, University of Minnesota, Twin. Cities

Karthik Tadepalli, PhD, UC Berkeley

Benedict Tafoya, Senior Lecturer, Northeastern University

Inbal Talgam-Cohen, Prof., Tel Aviv University

Matthew Tarduno, Assistant Professor of Economics, University of Illinois, Chicago

Daniele Tavani, Professor and Chair, Department of Economics, Colorado State University

Alexander N. Taylor, Assistant Professor of Economics, Schroeder School of Business, University of Evansville

Sheba Tejani, Senior Lecturer in International Development, King’s College London

Sebastian Tello Trillo, Associate Professor, University of Virginia

Cristina Tello-Trillo, Senior Economist, Census Bureau

Judy Temple, Professor of Public Affairs, University of Minnesota

Scott Templeton, Associate Professor, John E. Walker Dept. of Economics, Clemson University

Linda Tesar, Alan V. Deardorff Professor of Economics, University of Michigan

Lucas Threinen, Assistant Professor, Hamline School of Business, Hamline University

Richard S.J. Tol, Professor of economics, University of Sussex and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam

Fanta Traore, Co-founder, The Sadie Collective

Stephen John Turnbull, Associate Professor (retired), University of Tsukuba

Lesley Turner, Associate Professor of Public Policy, University of Chicago

Arthur Turrell, Senior Research and Data Manager, Bank of England

Eric Tymoigne, Associate Professor of Economics Lewis & Clark College

Neslihan Uler, Associate Professor, University of Maryland

Ejindu Ume, Associate Professor of Economics, Miami University

Vaasavi Unnava, PhD Candidate, The Ohio State University

Matthew Unrath, Assistant Professor, University of Southern California

Mike Urbancic, Teaching Professor, University of Oregon

William Van Lear, Professor emeritus, Belmont Abbey College

Thera Van Osch, Macro Economist, Independent

Kristin Vekasi, Mansfield Chair of Japan & Indo-Pacific Affairs, University of Montana

Laura Veldkamp, Professor of Economics and Finance, Columbia University

Ann Velenchik, Associate Professor of Economics and Writing, Wellesley College

Joanna Venator, Assistant Professor of Economics, Boston College

Gregory Veramendi, Associate Professor, Royal Holloway, University of London

Pierre-Louis Vézina, Professor of Economics, King’s College London

Angelino Viceisza, Professor of Economics, Spelman College

Micah Villarreal, Postdoctoral Scholar, Northwestern University

MWangi wa Githinji, Associate Professor, University of Massachusetts-Amherst

Zachary Wagner, Associate Professor, University of Southern California

Gernot Wagner, Senior Lecturer, Columbia Business School

William Waller, Professor of Economics, Hobart and William Smith Colleges

Katherine Wang, PhD Student, Harvard Business School

Zachary Ward, Herman Lay Chair of Private Enterprise and Associate Professor of Economics, Baylor University

Ebonya Lia Washington, Laurans A. and Arlene Mendelson Professor of Economics and Professor of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University

Mark Watson, Professor of Economics and Public Affairs, Princeton University

Stephan Weiler, Professor, Department of Economics, Colorado State University

Thomas J. Weinandy, Senior Research Economist, Independent

Catherine J. Weinberger, Research Associate, University of California Santa Barbara

E. Roy Weintraub, Emeritus Professor of Economics, Duke University

Charles Weise, Professor, Gettysburg College Department of Economics

Thomas Weisskopf, Professor Emeritus, University of Michigan (Ann Arbor)

Christopher Whaley, Associate Professor, Brown University

Warren Whatley, Professor Emeritus of Economics, University of Michigan

Jeannette Wicks-Lim, Research Professor, University of Massachusetts Amherst

Michael Wiebe, Economist, Independent

Robert Gregory Williams, Voehringer Professor Emeritus of Economics, Professor Emeritus of Economics, Guilford College

Geoffrey Fain Williams, Professor of Economics, Transylvania University

Robert B Williams, Stedman Professor of Economics, Guilford College

Alex Williams, Principal Economist, Common Wealth

Russell E. Williams, Professor of Economics, Wheaton College (MA)

Abbigail Willis, PhD Student, University of California, Berkeley

Bonnie Wilson, Associate Professor, retired, Saint Louis University

Valerie Wilson, Director, PREE, Economic Policy Institute

Anastasia C. Wilson, Assistant Professor of Economics, Hobart and William Smith Colleges

Jon D. Wisman, Professor of Economics, American University

Mark Witte, Professor of Instruction, Economics, Northwestern University

Justin Wolfers, Professor of Economics and Public Policy, University of Michigan

Marty Wolfson, Professor of Economics Emeritus, University of Notre Dame

Michael Woodford, John Bates Clark Professor of Political Economy, Columbia University

Gavin Wright, Professor Emeritus, Stanford University

Brenda Wyss, Professor of Economics, Wheaton College, MA

Todd Richard Yarbrough, Clinical Assistant Professor, Purdue University

Vasil Yasenov, Social Science Researcher, Stanford

Mary Yilma, PhD student, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Sammy Zahran, Professor, Department of Economics, Colorado State University

Andrew Zimbalist, Robert A. Woods Professor Emeritus of Economics, Smith College

Ben Zipperer, Senior Economist, Economic Policy Institute

[Institutional affiliations for identification only]

Originally published at https://mytwocentsandcounting.substack.com.